1.Phonology
2.Morphology
3.Syntax
4.Semantics
5.Pragmatics
1.Articulatory phonetics
2.Acoustic phonetics
3.Auditory phonetics
Place of Articulation
Manner of Articulation
Voicing
Vowel: a speech sound produced by comparatively open configuration of the vocal tract with vibration of the vocal cords but without audible friction
Consonant: a basic speech sound in which the breath is at least partly obstructed (blocked)
Diphthong: a sound formed by the combination of two vowels
Organs of speech are also known as the articulators.
Labial : Sounds requiring the participation of one or both lips are called a labial sounds
Coronal : Sounds that are produced by raising the tongue blade (including the tip of the tongue) from its neutral position towards the teeth or the hard palate are called Coronal Sounds
Dorsal: Sounds that are articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum)
Velar: Back of tongue contacts the soft palate
Palatal: Middle of tongue approaches or contacts the hard palate
Alveolar: Tongue tip contacts the alveolar ridge
Post-alveolar: Tongue blade contacts the post-alveolar region behind the alveolar ridge
Dental: Tongue tip or tongue blade contacts upper teeth
Bilabial: Both lips come together
Labio-dental: Lower lip contacts upper teeth
Glottal: No obstruction anywhere but in the vocal cords down in the throat
Plosive : Stops or plosives are consonant sounds that are formed by completely stopping airflow
Fricative : Consonant sounds, such as English f or v, produced by bringing the mouth into position to block the passage of the airstream, but not making complete closure, so that air moving through the mouth generates audible friction.
Affricate: An affricate is a consonant that begins as a stop and releases as a fricative (First Blocked and then released)
Lateral : Consonant sounds produced by raising the tip of the tongue against the roof of the mouth so that the airstream flows past one or both sides of the tongue
Nasal: Consonant sounds produced with a lowered velum, allowing air to escape freely through the nose. There are three nasal sounds in English. /m/, /n/, /ŋ
Glide : Semivowels or glides are sounds, that are phonetically similar to a vowel sound but function as the syllable boundary, rather than as the nucleus of a syllable
Approximant: Consonants produced by bringing one articulator (the tongue or lips) close to another without actually touching it, as in English r and w.
Voiceless Sounds: When producing a sound, vocal cords spread apart, air passes without no or little obstruction and vocal cords does not vibrate, the produced sound is called voiceless sound. e.g. /k/, /f/, /t/
Voiced Sounds: When producing a sound, vocal cords come together, air pushes them apart to pass through, creating vibration, the produced sound is called voiced sound. e.g. /g/, /v/, /d/
(1) /r/ sound is not pronounced, when it is at the end of the word. E.g. Father
(2) /r/ sound is not pronounced, when it is followed by a consonant. E.g. Bird / bə:d/ (In the word Bird, the middle /r/ sound is not pronounced because it is followed by a consonant /d/. )
(3) /r/ sound is pronounced, when it is followed by a vowel. (In the word group / gru:p / the the middle /r/ sound is pronounced, because it is followed by a vowel /u:/)
Syllable is a unit of pronunciation which have one vowel sound, with or without surrounding consonants. Syllable forms the whole or a part of a word. E.g., there are two syllables in water ( wa – ter) and three in inferno ( in – fer – no
A word that consists of a single syllable (dog) is called monosyllabic. Similarly, disyllabic for a word of two syllables; trisyllablic for a word of three syllables; and polysyllabic , which refers to any word of more than one syllable.
Consonant Cluster: It is a group of consonants pronounced together. As str in strong.
Accent means a distinct emphasis given to a syllable or word in speech by stress or pitch.